DeForest Lab Publications

Selected Publications

Mout, R., Bretherton, R.C., Decarreau, J., Lee, S., Gregorio, N., Edman, N.I., Ahlrichs, M., Hsia, Y., Sahtoe, D.D., Ueda, G., Schulman, R., DeForest, C.A.* & Baker, D.* De Novo Design of Modular Protein Hydrogels with Programmable Intra- and Extracellular Viscoelasticity. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 121, e2309457121 (2024). (link, pdf) *Co-Corresponding Authorship

DeForest, C.A.*, Kirkpatrick, B.E. & Anseth, K.S.* Engineering Native Biological Complexity from the Inside–out and Outside–in. Nature Chemical Engineering, 1, 2-5 (2024). (link, pdf) *Co-Corresponding Authorship

Rapp, T.R. & DeForest, C.A. Tricolor Visible Wavelength-selective Photodegradable Hydrogel Biomaterials. Nature Communications, 14, 5250 (2023). (link, pdf)

Ruskowitz, E.R., Munoz-Robles, B.G., Strange, A.C., Butcher, C.H., Kurniawan, S., Filteau, J.R. & DeForest, C.A. Spatiotemporal Functional Assembly of Split Protein Pairs through a Light-Activated SpyLigation. Nature Chemistry, 15, 694–704 (2023). (link, pdf)

Bretherton, R.C., Haack, A.J., Kopyeva, I., Rahman, F., Kern, J.D., Bugg, D., Theberge, A.B., Davis, J. & DeForest, C.A. User-controlled 4D Biomaterial Degradation with Substrate-selective Sortase Transpeptidases for Single-cell Biology. Advanced Materials, 35, 2209904 (2023). (link, pdf)

Batalov, I., Stevens, K.R. & DeForest, C.A. Photopatterned Biomolecule Immobilization to Guide 3D Cell Fate in Natural Protein-based Hydrogels. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 118, e2014194118 (2021). (link, pdf)

Shadish, J.A., Benuska, G.M. & DeForest, C.A. Bioactive Site-Specifically Modified Proteins for 4D Patterning of Gel Biomaterials. Nature Materials, 18, 1005-1014 (2019). (link, pdf)

Ruskowitz, E.R. & DeForest, C.A. Photoresponsive Biomaterials for Targeted Drug Delivery and 4D Cell Culture. Nature Reviews Materials, 3, 17087 (2018). (link, pdf)

DeForest, C.A.* & Tirrell, D.A.* A Photoreversible Protein-Patterning Approach for Guiding Stem Cell Fate in Three-Dimensional Gels. Nature Materials, 14, 523-531 (2015). (link, pdf) *Co-Corresponding Authorship

DeForest, C.A. & Anseth, K.S. Photoreversible Patterning of Biomolecules within Click-based Hydrogels. Angewandte Chemie International Edition, 51, 1816-1819 (2012). (link, pdf)

DeForest, C.A., Polizzotti, B.D. & Anseth, K.S. Sequential Click Reactions for Synthesizing and Patterning 3D Cell Microenvironments. Nature Materials 8, 659-664 (2009). (link, pdf)

Full Publication List

Engineering Native Biological Complexity from the Inside–out and Outside–in.

Munoz-Robles, B.G. & DeForest, C.A. Irreversible Light-activated SpyLigation Mediates Split Protein Assembly in 4D. Nature Protocols (In Press, 2024). DOI: 10.1038/s41596-023-00938-0. (link, pdf)

Gharios, R., Francis, R.M. & DeForest, C.A. Chemical and Biological Engineering Strategies to Make and Modify Next-generation Hydrogel Biomaterials. Matter, 6, 4195-4244 (2023). (link, pdf)

Rapp, T.R. & DeForest, C.A. Tricolor Visible Wavelength-selective Photodegradable Hydrogel Biomaterials. Nature Communications, 14, 5250 (2023). (link, pdf)

Wu, K.-L., Bretherton, R.C., Davis, J. & DeForest, C.A. Pharmacological Regulation of Protein-polymer Hydrogel Stiffness. RSC Advances, 13, 24487 (2023). (link, pdf)

Francis, R.M. & DeForest, C.A. 4D Biochemical Photocustomization of Hydrogel Scaffolds for Spatiotemporally Heterogeneous Tissue Engineering. Accounts of Materials Research, 4, 704–715 (2023). (link, pdf)

Spatiotemporal Functional Assembly of Split Protein Pairs through a Light-Activated SpyLigation

*This article appears on the cover of the May 2023 issue of Advanced Materials User-controlled 4D Biomaterial Degradation with Substrate-selective Sortase Transpeptidases for Single-cell Biology

User-controlled 4D Biomaterial Degradation with Substrate-selective Sortase Transpeptidases for Single-cell Biology

Bishop, B.P. & DeForest, C.A. A Decade with DYSS: Lessons Learned and Looking Forward. Chemical Engineering Education, 56, 137-146 (2022). (link, pdf)

Bugg, D., Bailey, L.R.J., Bretherton, R.C., Beach, K.E., Reichardt, I.M., Robeson, K.Z., Reese, A., Gunaje, J., Flint, G., DeForest, C.A., Stempien-Otero, A. & Davis, J. MBNL1 Drives Dynamic Transitions Between Fibroblasts and Myofibroblasts in Cardiac Wound Healing. Cell Stem Cell, 29, 419-433 (2022). (link, pdf)

MBNL1 Drives Dynamic Transitions Between Fibroblasts and Myofibroblasts in Cardiac Wound Healing

Hinman, S.S., Huling, J., Wang, Y., Wang, H., Bretherton, R.C., DeForest, C.A. & Allbritton, N.L. Magnetically-propelled Fecal Surrogates for Modeling the Impact of Solid-induced Shear Forces on Primary Colonic Epithelial Cells. Biomaterials, 276, 121059 (2021). (link, pdf)

Magnetically-propelled Fecal Surrogates for Modeling the Impact of Solid-induced Shear Forces on Primary Colonic Epithelial Cells

Rapp, T.R. & DeForest, C.A. Targeting Drug Delivery with Light: A Highly Focused Approach. Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews, 171, 94-107 (2021). (link, pdf)

Bretherton, R.C. & DeForest, C.A. The Art of Engineering Biomimetic Cellular Microenvironments. ACS Biomaterials Science & Engineering, 7, 3997-4008 (2021). (link, pdf)

Photopatterned Biomolecule Immobilization to Guide 3D Cell Fate in Natural Protein-based Hydrogels

Munoz-Robles, B.G., Kopyeva, I. & DeForest, C.A. Surface Patterning of Hydrogel Biomaterials to Probe and Direct Cell-Matrix Interactions. Advanced Materials Interfaces, 7, 2001198 (2020). (link, pdf)
*This article appears on the cover of the November 2020 issue of Advanced Materials Interfaces

Corbett, D.C., Grigoryan, B., Batalov, I., Regier, M., DeForest, C.A., Miller, J.S. & Stevens, K.R. Thermofluidic Heat Exchangers for Actuation of Transcription in Artificial Tissues. Science Advances, 6, eabb9062 (2020). (link, pdf)
*This article has been highlighted in UW ISCRM News, EurekAlert!, Nanowerk, and others.

Thermofluidic Heat Exchangers for Actuation of Transcription in Artificial Tissues

Bugg, D., Bretherton, R., Kim, P., Olszewski, E., Nagle, A., Chu, N., Gunaje, J., DeForest, C.A., Stevens, K., Kim, D-H. & Davis, J. Infarct Collagen Topography Regulates Fibroblast Fate via p38-Yes-Associated Protein Transcriptional Enhanced Associate Domain Signals. Circulation Research, 127, 1306-1322 (2020). (link, pdf)

Infarct Collagen Topography Regulates Fibroblast Fate via p38-Yes-Associated Protein Transcriptional Enhanced Associate Domain Signals

Mandrycky, C., Williams, N.P., Batalov, I., El-Nachef, D., Davis, J., Kim, D-H., DeForest, C.A., Zheng, Y., Stevens, K.R. & Sniadecki, N.J. Engineering Heart Morphogenesis. Trends in Biotechnology, 38, 835-845 (2020). (link, pdf)
*This article appears on the cover of the August 2020 issue of Trends in Biotechnology

Rapp, T. & DeForest, C.A.* Visible Light-Responsive Dynamic Biomaterials - Going Deeper and Triggering More. Advanced Healthcare Materials, 9, 1901553 (2020). (link, pdf)

Sisso, A., Boit, M.O. & DeForest, C.A.* Self-Healing Injectable Gelatin Hydrogels for Localized Therapeutic Cell Delivery. Journal of Biomedical Materials Research: Part A, 108, 1112-1121 (2020). (link, pdf)

Arakawa, C.K., Gunnarsson, C., Bernabeu, M., Howard, C., Phong, K., Yang, E., DeForest, C.A.*, Smith, J.* & Zheng, Y.* Biophysical and Biomolecular Interactions of Malaria-Infected Erythrocytes in Engineered Human Capillaries. Science Advances, 6, eaay7243 (2020). (link, pdf) *Co-Corresponding Authorship
*This article has been highlighted in Science Daily, Drug Target Review, MedicalXPress, Medical News, Biomedical Picture of the Day, 3DMedNet, and UW ISCRM News.

Biophysical and Biomolecular Interactions of Malaria-Infected Erythrocytes in Engineered Human Capillaries

Lee, U.N., Day, J.H., Haack, A.J., Bretherton, R.C., Lu, W., DeForest, C.A.*, Theberge, A.B.* & Berthier, E.* Layer-by-Layer Fabrication of 3D Hydrogel Structures Using Open Microfluidics. Lab on a Chip, 20, 525-536 (2020). (link, pdf) *Co-Corresponding Authorship

Layer-by-Layer Fabrication of 3D Hydrogel Structures Using Open Microfluidics

Shadish, J.A. & DeForest, C.A. Site-Selective Protein Modification: From Functionalized Proteins to Functional Biomaterials. Matter, 2, 50-77 (2020). (link, pdf)

Uto, K., Arakawa, C.K. & DeForest C.A.. Next-Generation Biomaterials for Culture and Manipulation of Stem Cells. Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology, a035691 (2019). (link, pdf)

Nagao, R.J., Marcu, R., Wang, Y., Wang, L., Arakawa, C.K., DeForest C.A., Chen J., López, J.A. & Zheng, Y. Transforming Endothelium with Platelet‐Rich Plasma in Engineered Microvessels. Advanced Science, 6, 1901725 (2019). (link, pdf)

Transforming Endothelium with Platelet‐Rich Plasma in Engineered Microvessels

Shadish, J.A., Strange, A.C. & DeForest, C.A. Genetically Encoded Photocleavable Linkers for Patterned Protein Release from Biomaterials. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 141, 15619-15625 (2019). (link, pdf)
*This article appears on the cover of the October 2019 issue of JACS and was the subject of a Front Matter article in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. (link, pdf)

Gawade, P.G., Shadish, J.A., Badeau, B.A. & DeForest, C.A. Logic-Based Delivery of Site-Specifically Modified Proteins from Environmentally Responsive Hydrogel Biomaterials. Advanced Materials, 31, 1902462 (2019). (link, pdf)
*This article was highlighted as the subject of a feature article in Chemistry World (link, pdf).

Logic-Based Delivery of Site-Specifically Modified Proteins from Environmentally Responsive Hydrogel Biomaterials

Shadish, J.A., Benuska, G.M. & DeForest, C.A. Bioactive Site-Specifically Modified Proteins for 4D Patterning of Gel Biomaterials. Nature Materials, 18, 1005-1014 (2019). (link, pdf)
*This article was highlighted as the subject of a News & Views article in Nature Materials (link, pdf), a Research Highlight in Nature Reviews Materials (link, pdf), and a Spotlight article in Trends in Biotechnology (link, pdf). It received additional news coverage from Phys.org, NanoWerk, EurekAlert, NewsWise, LongRoom, Photonics.com, Medical News, Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology News, and UW News.

Badeau, B.A. & DeForest, C.A. Programming Stimuli-Responsive Behavior into Biomaterials. Annual Reviews of Biomedical Engineering, 21, 241-265 (2019). (link, pdf)

Ruskowitz, E.R. & DeForest, C.A. Proteome-wide Analysis of Cellular Response to Ultraviolet Light for Biomaterial Synthesis and Modification. ACS Biomaterials Science & Engineering, 5, 2111-2116 (2019). (link, pdf)

Ruskowitz, E.R., Comerford, M.P., Badeau, B.A. & DeForest, C.A.. Logical Stimuli-Triggered Delivery of Small Molecules from Hydrogel Biomaterials. Biomaterials Science, 7, 542-546 (2019). (link, pdf)
*This article was selected for the 2019 Emerging Investigator Award issue of Biomaterials Science.

Oksdath, M., Perrin, S.L., Bardy, C., Hilder, E.F., DeForest, C.A., Arrua, R.D. & Gomez, G.A. Synthetic Scaffolds to Control the Biochemical, Mechanical and Geometrical Environment of Stem Cell-Derived Brain Organoids. APL Bioengineering, 2, 041501 (2018). (link, pdf)
*This review was chosen as an Editor Featured article.

Synthetic Scaffolds to Control the Biochemical, Mechanical and Geometrical Environment of Stem Cell-Derived Brain Organoids

Liu, L., Shadish, J.A., Arakawa, C.K., Shi, K., Davis, J. & DeForest, C.A. Cyclic Stiffness Modulation of Cell-Laden Protein-Polymer Hydrogels in Response to User-Specified Stimuli including Light. Advanced Biosystems, 2, 1800240 (2018). (link, pdf)
*This article appears on the cover of the December 2018 issue of Advanced Biosystems and was featured by: UW ISCRM News.

Cyclic Stiffness Modulation of Cell-Laden Protein-Polymer Hydrogels in Response to User-Specified Stimuli including Light

Fellin, C.R., Adelmund, S.M., Karis, D.G., Shafranek, R.T., Ono, R.J., Martin, C.G., Johnston, T.G. DeForest, C.A. & Nelson, A. Tunable Temperature- and Shear-Responsive Hydrogels Based on Poly(alkyl glycidyl ether)s. Polymer International, 68, 1238-1246 (2018). (link, pdf)

Tunable Temperature- and Shear-Responsive Hydrogels Based on Poly(alkyl glycidyl ether)s

DeForest, C.A. Introduction to Editorial Board Member: Professor Kristi S. Anseth. Bioengineering & Translational Medicine, 3, 182-184 (2018). (link, pdf)

Uto, K., Aoyagi, T., DeForest, C.A. & Ebara, M. Dynamic Alterations of Hepatocellular Function by On-Demand Elasticity and Roughness Modulation. Biomaterials Science, 6, 1002-1006 (2018). (link, pdf)

Badeau, B.A., Comerford, M.P., Arakawa, C.K., Shadish, J.A. & DeForest, C.A. Engineered Modular Biomaterial Logic Gates for Environmentally Triggered Therapeutic Delivery. Nature Chemistry, 10, 251-258 (2018). (link, pdf)
*This article appears on the cover of the March 2018 issue of Nature Chemistry and holds the 10th highest Altmetric Attention Score of any Nature Chemistry paper to date. This article was highlighted as the subject of a feature article in Chemistry World (link, pdf). It has been further featured by: UW News, UW Daily, Chemical & Engineering News, Materials Today, Nano Werk, Newswise, GeekWire, EurekAlert!, Long Room, Science Newsline, Technology.org, Health Medicine Network, Phys.org, and the Signals Blog.

Engineered Modular Biomaterial Logic Gates for Environmentally Triggered Therapeutic Delivery

Ruskowitz, E.R. & DeForest, C.A. Photoresponsive Biomaterials for Targeted Drug Delivery and 4D Cell Culture. Nature Reviews Materials, 3, 17087 (2018). (link, pdf)
*This article appears on the cover of the February 2018 issue of Nature Reviews Materials.

Adelmund, S.M., Ruskowitz, E.R., Farahani, P.E., Wolfe, J.V. & DeForest, C.A. Light-Activated Proteomic Labeling via Photocaged Bioorthogonal Non-Canonical Amino Acids. ACS Chemical Biology, 13, 573-577 (2018). (link, pdf)
*The lead author of this article was featured in an ACS "Introducing Our Authors" write-up (link, pdf)

Light-Activated Proteomic Labeling via Photocaged Bioorthogonal Non-Canonical Amino Acids

Arakawa, C.K., Badeau, B.A., Zheng, Y. & DeForest, C.A. Multicellular Vascularized Engineered Tissues through User-Programmable Biomaterial Photodegradation. Advanced Materials, 29, 1703156 (2017). (link, pdf)
*This article appears on the cover of the October 2017 issue of Advanced Materials and was featured in UW Medicine News.

Multicellular Vascularized Engineered Tissues through User-Programmable Biomaterial Photodegradation

Farahani, P.E., Adelmund, S.M., Shadish, J.A. & DeForest, C.A. Photomediated Oxime Ligation as a Bioorthogonal Tool for Spatiotemporally-Controlled Hydrogel Formation and Modification. Journal of Materials Chemistry B. 5, 4435-4442 (2017) (link, pdf)
*This article was selected for the 2017 Emerging Investigator Award issue of the Journal of Materials Chemistry B, and appears on the cover of the June 2017 issue. More information is available here.

Photomediated Oxime Ligation as a Bioorthogonal Tool for Spatiotemporally-Controlled Hydrogel Formation and Modification

Arakawa, C.K. & DeForest, C.A. Designing Smart Biomaterials to Mimic & Control the Stem Cell Niche: Polymer Design and Development. Biology and Engineering of Stem Cell Niches, Elsevier. Oxford, UK. 295-314 (2017) (link, pdf)

Biology and Engineering of Stem Cell Niches

Swift, B.J., Shadish, J.A., DeForest, C.A. & Baneyx, F. Streamlined Synthesis and Assembly of a Hybrid Sensing Architecture with Solid Binding Proteins and Click Chemistry. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 139, 3958-3961 (2017) (link, pdf)

Streamlined Synthesis and Assembly of a Hybrid Sensing Architecture with Solid Binding Proteins and Click Chemistry

Uto, K. & DeForest, C.A. 時空間制御バイオマテリアルを用いた細胞力学記憶メカニズムの解明 Spatiotemporally Tunable Biomaterials for Revealing the Mechanism of Cellular Mechanical Memory (Article in Japanese). Journal of Japanese Biomaterials, 35, 36-41 (2017). (link, pdf)

Spatiotemporally Tunable Biomaterials for Revealing the Mechanism of Cellular Mechanical Memory

Uto, K., Aoyagi, T., DeForest, C.A., Hoffman, A.S. & Ebara, M. A Combinational Effect of “Bulk” and “Surface” Shape-Memory Transitions on the Regulation of Cell Alignment. Advanced Healthcare Materials, 6, 1601439 (2017). (link, pdf)

A Combinational Effect of “Bulk” and “Surface” Shape-Memory Transitions on the Regulation of Cell Alignment

Uto, K., Tsui, J.H., DeForest, C.A.* & Kim, D.H. Dynamically Tunable Cell Culture Platforms for Tissue Engineering and Mechanobiology. Progress in Polymer Science, 65, 53-82 (2016). (link, pdf) *Co-Corresponding Authorship

Tibbitt, M.W., Shadish, J.A. & DeForest, C.A. Photopolymers for Multiphoton Lithography in Biomaterials and Hydrogels. Appears in Multiphoton Lithography: Techniques, Materials, and Applications, Wiley Publishing, 183-220 (2016). (link, pdf)

Uto, K., DeForest, C.A. & Kim, D.H. Soft Shape-Memory Materials. Appears in Biomaterials Nanoarchitectonics, Elsevier Inc, 237-251 (2015). (link, pdf)

Urrios, A., Parra-Cabrera, C., Bhattacharjee, N., Gonzalez-Suarez, A.M., Rigat-Brugarolas, L.G., Nallapatti, U., Samitier, J., DeForest, C.A., Posas, F., Garcia-Cordero, J.L. & Folch, A. 3D-printing of transparent bio-microfluidic devices in PEG-DA. Lab on a Chip, 16, 2287-2294 (2016). (link, pdf)

3D-printing of transparent bio-microfluidic devices in PEG-DA

A Photoreversible Protein-Patterning Approach for Guiding Stem Cell Fate in Three-Dimensional Gels

Adzima, B.J., Kloxin, C.J., DeForest, C.A., Anseth, K.S. & Bowman, C.N. 3D Photofixation Lithography in Diels–Alder Networks. Macromolecular Rapid Communications, 33, 2092-2096 (2012). (link, pdf)

Kloxin, A.M., Lewis, K.J.R., DeForest, C.A., Seedorf, G.J., Tibbitt, M.W., Balasubramaniam, V & Anseth, K.S. Responsive Culture Platform to Examine the Influence of Microenvironmental Geometry on Cell Function in 3D. Integrative Biology, 4, 1540-1549 (2012). (link, pdf)

Responsive culture platform to examine the influence of microenvironmental geometry on cell function in 3D

DeForest, C.A. & Anseth, K.S. Advances in Bioactive Hydrogels to Probe and Direct Cell Fate. Annual Review of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, 3, 421-444 (2012). (link, pdf)

Bioactive Hydrogels for Regenerative Medicine

DeForest, C.A. & Anseth, K.S. Photoreversible Patterning of Biomolecules within Click-based Hydrogels. Angewandte Chemie International Edition, 51, 1816-1819 (2012). (link, pdf)
*This article appears on the cover of the February 2012 issue of Angewandte and was selected as a “Very Important Paper” by the journal editors. It also was featured in Nature, Angewandte Chemie, and Lab on a Chip.

Photoreversible Patterning of Biomolecules within 3D Click Gels

DeForest, C.A. & Anseth, K.S. Cytocompatible Click-based Hydrogels with Dynamically-Tunable Properties through Orthogonal Photoconjugation and Photocleavage Reactions. Nature Chemistry, 3, 925-931 (2011). (link, pdf)
*This article appears on the cover of the December 2011 issue of Nature Chemistry and has been highlighted in Chemistry World.

Cytocompatible Click-based Hydrogels with Dynamically-Tunable Properties through Orthogonal Photoconjugation and Photocleavage Reactions

Adzima, B.J., Tao, Y., Kloxin, C.J., DeForest, C.A., Anseth, K.S. & Bowman, C.N. Spatial and Temporal Control of the Alkyne–Azide Cycloaddition by Photoinitiated Cu(II) Reduction. Nature Chemistry, 3, 256-261 (2011). (link, pdf)

Spatial and Temporal Control of the Alkyne–Azide Cycloaddition by Photoinitiated Cu(II) Reduction

Sims, E.A., DeForest, C.A. & Anseth, K.S. A Mild, Large-Scale Synthesis of 1,3-Cyclooctanedione: Expanding Access to Difluorinated Cyclooctyne for Copper-Free Click Chemistry. Tetrahedron Letters, 52, 1871-1873 (2011). (link, pdf)
*This article was featured by Vertical News

A Mild, Large-Scale Synthesis of 1,3-Cyclooctanedione: Expanding Access to Difluorinated Cyclooctyne for Copper-Free Click Chemistry

DeForest, C.A., Sims, E.A. & Anseth, K.S. Peptide-Functionalized Click Hydrogels with Independently Tunable Mechanics and Chemical Functionality for 3D Cell Culture. Chemistry of Materials, 22, 4783-90 (2010). (link, pdf)

Peptide-Functionalized Click Hydrogels with Independently Tunable Mechanics and Chemical Functionality for 3D Cell Culture

Johnson, L.M., DeForest, C.A., Pendurti, A., Anseth, K.S. & Bowman, C.N. Formation of Three-Dimensional Hydrogel Multilayers Using Enzyme-Mediated Redox Chain Initiation. ACS Applied Material Interfaces, 2, 1963-1972 (2010). (link, pdf)

Formation of Three-Dimensional Hydrogel Multilayers Using Enzyme-Mediated Redox Chain Initiation

Lawson, M.C., Hoth, K.B., DeForest, C.A., Bowman, C.N. & Anseth, K.S. Inhibition of Staphylococcus epidermidis Biofilms using Polymerizable Vancomycin Derivatives. Clin Orthop Relat Res, 468, 2081-2091 (2010). (link, pdf)

Inhibition of Staphylococcus epidermidis Biofilms using Polymerizable Vancomycin Derivatives

DeForest, C.A., Polizzotti, B.D. & Anseth, K.S. Sequential Click Reactions for Synthesizing and Patterning 3D Cell Microenvironments. Nature Materials, 8, 659-664 (2009). (link, pdf)
*This article has been highlighted in Nature, Chemistry World, F1000, as well as others

Benton, J.A., DeForest, C.A., Vivekanandan, V. & Anseth, K.S. Photocrosslinking of Gelatin Macromers to Synthesize Porous Hydrogels that Promote Valvular Interstitial Cell Function. Tissue Engineering Part A, 15 3221-3230 (2009). (link, pdf)